Hachette, Jean

b. 1456. A French heroine known as Jeanne Fourquet and nicknamed Jeanne Hachette (‘Jeanne the Hatchet’). We have no precise information about her family or origin. She is known solely for an act of heroism which on 27 June 1472 saved Beauvais when it was on the point of being taken by the troops of Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy. The town was defended by only 300 men-at-arms, commanded by Louis de Balagny.

BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec2 Mentioned.

 

Hadj-Saleh

A Mameluke.

BkXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Executed after the fall of Jaffa in 1799.

 

Hadrian, Emperor

76-138AD. Roman Emperor (117-138). Trajan’s ward, he was a successful military commander in Parthia, and he became Emperor at Trajan’s death. Defeating a major conspiracy in 118, he toured the provinces from 120 to 131. He had a mainly defensive policy, though he subdued a Jewish revolt in 132-135. He lived in and further beautified Rome from 131 until his death.

BkVIII:Chap5:Sec2 His imitation of various monuments at his Villa Hadriana at Tivoli which Chateaubriand visited on 12th December 1803.

BkXIV:Chap7:Sec1 His tomb on the Tiber was known as Hadrian’s Mole or Mausoleum but is now commonly referred to as Castel Sant’Angelo.

 

Hague, Cap de la

A rocky promontory, on the Cotentin coast, it forms the westernmost cape of the Cherbourg peninsula.

BkVIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned. Chateaubriand confuses it with the Cap de la Hougue which is the Eastern Cape of the peninsula.

BkXXIV:Chap4:Sec1 Again Chateaubriand confuses it with Cape de la Hougue. Tourville was defeated by the English here in 1692.

 

Hainault, Phillippa of

c1314-1369. The Queen consort of Edward III of England,
Philippa was born in Valenciennes (then in Flanders, now France) and was the daughter of William III, Count of Hainaut and Jeanne de Valois, the grand-daughter of Philip III of France. She married Edward at York Minster, in October, 1327.

BkXXIII:Chap9:Sec1 She gave birth to John of Gaunt at Ghent.

 

Halcyon

Alcyone was the daughter of Aeolus, granddaughter of Polypemon, and wife of Ceyx. She and Ceyx foolishly compared themselves to Juno and Jupiter, for which the gods drowned Ceyx in a storm. Alcyone leapt into the sea to join him, and both were transformed into kingfishers or Halcyons. In antiquity it was believed that the hen-kingfisher layed her eggs in a floating nest in the Halcyon Days around the winter solstice, when the sea is made calm by Aeolus, Alcyone’s father. (The kingfisher actually lays its eggs in a hole, normally in a riverbank, by freshwater and not by seawater.)

BkVI:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Hall, Captain Basil

1788-1844. A British naval officer and traveller, in the service from 1802 to 1823, he commanded vessels on scientific assignments and voyages of exploration. He wrote of them in his Account of a Voyage of Discovery to the West Coast of Corea and the Great Loo-Choo (1818); in Extracts from a Journal Written on the Coasts of Chile, Peru, and Mexico (1823); and in Fragments of Voyages and Travels (1831–33). After leaving the Navy he travelled in the United States, his Travels in North America (1829) forming a valuable description of America. He was a member of the Royal Society. His father Sir James Hall was at Brienne Military College with Bonaparte, and was a well-known amateur scientist.

BkXXIV:Chap10:Sec1 Visited Napoleon on St Helena on the 13th August 1817.

 

Hallay-Coëtquen, Jean George Charles Frédéric Emmanuel, Marquis du

1799-1867.

BkI:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Hallay-Coëtquen, Comte du

Brother of the Marquis.

BkI:Chap3:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Halleck, Fitz Greene

1790-1867. American poet, b. Guilford, Conn. He was joint author, with Joseph Rodman Drake, of the humorous lampoons “Croaker Papers,” most of which were printed in the New York Evening Post in 1819. In the same year he published his long satire, Fanny (1819), in the style of Byron's Beppo. His poem “Marco Bozzaris,” popular as a recitation, and his “Green Be the Turf above Thee,” an elegy on the death of Drake, were the best known of Halleck’s graceful verses. For many years he was personal secretary to John Jacob Astor.

BkVIII:Chap5:Sec3 His poem Marco Bozzaris.

 

Hamadryads

Wood nymphs in Greek mythology.

BkIII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Hamburg, Germany

The city of northern Germany on the Elbe River, it lies northeast of Bremen. Founded by Charlemagne in the early ninth century, the city quickly grew in commercial importance and in 1241 formed an alliance with Lübeck that became the basis for the Hanseatic League.

BkXXII:Chap3:Sec1 The French evacuated the city on March 12th 1813.

 

Hamilton, Sir William

1730-1803. British Ambassador at Naples, he was the husband of Emma (Harte) Hamilton, Nelson’s Emma.

 

Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton, Marquess of Douglas, 10th Duke of

1767-1852. Duke of Hamilton from 1819, he welcomed Charles X to Holyrood Palace during Charles’ exile after the 1830 Revolution.

BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec2 Visits Kensington Gardens with Madame Récamier.

 

Hamilton, Charlotte, Duchess of Somerset

1772-1827. The sister of Alexander, she married Edward Adolphus St. Maur, 11th Duke of Somerset.

BkXXIX:Chap1:Sec2 Visits Kensington Gardens with Madame Récamier.

 

Hamilton, Emma Lyon, Lady

1765?-1815. Mistress of Horatio Nelson, she had been the mistress of Charles Greville, then of Sir William Hamilton, ambassador to Naples, whom she married (1791). She gained enormous influence with Neapolitan Queen Marie Caroline. Her intimacy with Nelson began in 1798, and after returning to England with him, she bore him a daughter, Horatia, in 1801. Although she received legacies from both her husband and Nelson, she was imprisoned for debt in July 1813, and died in poverty and obscurity at Calais.

BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 The Cashmere shawl was discovered by English ladies at the end of the 18 century, at a time when oriental influence was visible in European fashion and art: Napoleon’s soldiers, returning home from the campaign in Egypt, introduced the fashion in France, Lady Hamilton and Nelson took it to Naples and the painter, Vigée Le Brun, to St. Petersburg.

 

Hamlet

Hamlet is the protagonist of the play of that name by Shakespeare.

BkXII:Chap1:Sec1 The tradition (due to his first biographer Nicholas Rowe, in 1709) that Shakespeare played the part of the ghost of Hamlet’s father in the play.

BkXIV:Chap2:Sec3 A reference to the play, possibly Act III and the play within the play.

BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec3 The gravediggers appear in ActV:I.

 

Hampton Court, England

The Tudor and Stuart Palace on the Thames near London. Built by Cardinal Wolsey, it was appropriated by Henry VIII who added the Great Hall. Wren later worked on developments for William III.

BkXII:Chap5:Sec1 Since the 1530s there has been a Communication Gallery linking the King’s and Queen’s apartments, although the present gallery was built for William III in the 1690s. The gallery is hung with a series of portraits painted by Sir Peter Lely between c1662-5, known as the Windsor Beauties. They were painted for Anne Hyde, Duchess of York (wife of James II) and represent the most beautiful women at the court of Charles II (1660-85). They were sometimes thought to have been Charles II’s mistresses but the only genuine candidate is the portrait of Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland.

 

Hanau

The town in Hesse, Germany is located 10 km east of Frankfurt am Main. The Battle of Hanau was fought between the French and Austro-Bavarian armies on October 30-31, 1813 during the Liberation Wars against Napoleonic France. Bavaria, a former French ally, joined the Sixth Coalition according to the Treaty of Ried concluded just before the battle of Leipzig. An Austro-Bavarian corps under prominent Bavarian Field marshal von Wrède attacked the retreating French army at Hanau, Hesse, however, were routed by Napoleon. Wrède received a wound to the head.

BkXXII:Chap6:Sec1 The Battle.

 

Handel, George Frederick

1685-1759. German composer. He travelled to Italy where he became famous as a harpsichordist and a master of the Italianate style of composition. He visited England in 1712 and remained there. After various appointments he became Director of the Royal Academy of Music on its foundation in 1720. He became blind towards the end of his life. His works include the oratorios Saul (1739) and Messiah (1742), and the Water Music (1717) He was buried in Westminster Abbey.

BkXII:Chap5:Sec3 George III’s favourite composer.

 

Hanka, Wenceslaus

1791-1861. A Bohemian philologist, he was appointed librarian of the Prague Museum in 1818. On the 16th of September 1817 Hanka alleged that he had discovered some ancient Bohemian manuscript poems of the 13th and 14th century in the church tower of the village of Kralodwor, or Königinhof. These are now considered a forgery. In 1848 Hanka, who was an ardent Panslavist, took part in the Slavonic congress and other peaceful national demonstrations, being the founder of the political society Slovanska Lipa. He was elected to the imperial diet at Vienna, but declined to take his seat. In the winter of 1848 he became lecturer and in 1849 professor of Slavonic languages in the university of Prague, where he died. BkXXXVII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Hannibal

247-183 BC. The Carthaginian general, who during the second of the Punic Wars between Carthage and Rome, took an army of more than 100,000, supported by elephants, from Spain to Italy in an effort to conquer Rome. The army crossed the Alps, and this troop movement is still regarded as one of the greatest in history. Hannibal won several victories on this campaign but was not able to take Rome.

BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 His legions who died at Carthage.

BkXXII:Chap 20:Sec3 Hannibal died by drinking poison near Bithynia in a place called Libyssa.

BkXXVIII:Chap11:Sec1 An incident from his life, refer to Polybius and Livy.

BkXXIX:Chap2:Sec3 Spoleto fended off Hannibal in 217BC.

BkXXXVI:Chap8:Sec1 Mentioned for his sincerity.

BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 A supposed prediction of his birth in Aeneid IV:625

 

Hardenberg, Charles-Auguste, Baron then Prince de

1750-1822. A Hanoverian lawyer, he entered the service of the King of Prussia in 1791, having negotiated the Treaty of Basel in 1795. He was Foreign Minister from 1804-6, then Chancellor from 1810, attending the Congress of Vienna. He spent some time in Rome after the Congress of Troppau which annoyed the King.

BkXXVI:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand’s pen portrait of him.

BkXXVI:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand accused of writing to him prematurely in January 1821.

 

Harel, Jacques

He was Governor of the château at Vincennes, at the time of the Duc d’Enghien’s assassination.

BkXVI:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned by Hulin.

 

Harlay, Achille de

1536-1639. The first President of the Parliament of Paris during the Day of the Barricades, 12th of May 1588, which drove Henri III from the capital and handed it to the Duc de Guise.

BkXXXV:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Harmodius

c530-514BC. He and Aristogeiton (circa 550 - 514 BC) known as the Liberators or the Tyrannicides became heroes in Athens through their role in the overthrow of the Tyranny of the Peisistratid family.

BkXLII:Chap7:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Harold II Godwinson

c1022-1066. King of the Angles, he was the last Ango-Saxon king of England, reputedly designated heir by the dying Edward the Confessor. He was the son of Earl Godwin. Having defeated his brother Tostig and Harold II Hardraade of Norway at the Battle of Stamford Bridge, he was in turn defeated at Hastings, by William the Conqueror.

BkIV:Chap3:Sec1 The story of Edith the Swan-necked.

 

Harrowby, Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl of

1691-1756. A prominent British politician of the Pittite faction and the Tory party, was the eldest son of Nathaniel Ryder, 1st Baron Harrowby, and was born in London. His long association with the Tories did not prevent him from supporting Catholic Emancipation and the easing of restrictions on Protestant Dissenters, or from supporting the movement for electoral reform; he also favoured the emancipation of the slaves. He met Chateaubriand in Paris in 1814 at Madame de Stael’s.

BkXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 From 1812 to 1827 he served as Lord President of the Council under Lord Liverpool.

 

Hasdrubal

Mid-2nd century BC. A Carthaginian general (surname unknown: a familiar and confusing Carthaginian first name). According to Appian he begged Scipio for his life during the siege of Carthage, but his wife upbraiding him for cowardice killed their two sons and threw herself into the flames.

BkXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 His wife mentioned.

 

Hassan

A Mameluke.

BkXIX:Chap18:Sec1 Executed after the fall of Jaffa in 1799.

 

Haselbach (Liskova, Slovakia)

A village in the Ruzomberok district of Slovakia, it was the border crossing post, in 1833, into Bohemia.

BkXXXVI:Chap10:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec1 BkXXXVI:Chap11:Sec3 Chateaubriand there in May 1833. The red Alpine goat refers to the wild ibex, Capra ibex, and of course to the customs man!

BkXXXVI:Chap12:Sec1 BkXLI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Hastings, Battle of

The battle between the Normans and English at Senlach Hill on the 14th October 1066, near Hastings, in which William, Duke of Normandy, successfully claimed the English crown. The death of Harold II opened the way to a Norman conquest of England.

BkI:Chap1:Sec6 Chateaubriand’s ancestor Brien reputedly fought there.

BkIV:Chap3:Sec1 Edith the swan-necked finds the dead Harold.

 

Haugwitz, Christian August Heinrich, Graf von

1752–1832. He was Prussian foreign minister (1802–4, 1805–6). In 1805, after the French victory at Austerlitz, Haugwitz tried to appease Napoleon by concluding treaties that involved a humiliating Prussian subservience to French policy and an open Franco-Prussian alliance. Dissatisfaction with the terms and continued French mobilization on Prussia’s frontiers finally led in October, 1806, to Prussia’s declaration of war against France and subsequent defeat at Jena. Haugwitz, dismissed from office, retired to Italy, where he died.

BkXX:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Haussez, Baron d’

1778-1854. He was last Minister of the Navy under the Restoration.

BkXXXVII:Chap6:Sec1 He published a work on British History, Great Britain in 1833.

 

Hautefeuille, Charles-Louis-Texier, Comte d’

1770-1865. He became a Marshal.

BkIV:Chap9:Sec2 Debutant at Versailles with Chateaubriand.

 

Hautefeuille, Anne de Beaurepaire, Comtesse d’

She was the wife of the Comte.

BkIV:Chap9:Sec2 Authoress of l’Âme exilée a novel that appeared in 1837, under the pseudonym Anne-Marie.

 

Hauterive, Alexandre-Maurice Blanc de Lanautte, Comte d’

1754-1830. French statesman and diplomatist, was educated at Grenoble, where he became a professor. In 1790 he applied for and received the post of consul at New York. Under the Consulate, however, he was accused of embezzlement and recalled. In 1798, after trying his hand at farming in America, Hauterive was appointed to a post in the French foreign office. In this capacity he made a sensation by his L'Etat de la France a la fin de l’an VIII (1800), which had been commissioned by Napoleon Bonaparte, as a manifesto to foreign nations, after 18th Brumaire. This won him the confidence of Bonaparte, and in 1805 he was made a Councillor of State, and up to 1813 was more than once temporarily minister of foreign affairs. He attempted, though vainly, to use his influence to moderate Napoleon’s policy, especially in the matter of Spain and the treatment of the Pope. A difference of opinion with Talleyrand led to his withdrawal from the political side of the ministry of foreign affairs, and he was appointed keeper of the archives of the same department. There is a detailed account of Hauterive, with considerable extracts from his correspondence with Talleyrand, in the Biographie universelle by Artaud de Montor, who published a separate life in 1831.

BkXXIII:Chap3:Sec1 His papers.

 

Havré et de Croy, Joseph Annet Auguste Maximilien, Duc de

1744-1839. A member of the French aristocracy, his sister Louise Elizabeth de Tourzel, (1749-1832) was governess to the children of Louis XVI. She played the part of ‘Baronne Korff’ in the abortive escape to Varennes. She was arrested after August 10, but was released.

BkXXII:Chap 22:Sec1 Captain of the Lifeguards at the Restoration in 1814.

 

Haydn, Franz Joseph

1732-1809. An Austrian composer, in 1761, he became Kapellmeister to the Esterházy family, a post he held throughout his life. He visited London in 1791 and 1794.

BkXVIII:Chap3Sec1 His oratorio The Creation (1798) was performed in Paris, in the presence of the First Consul, on the 24th of December 1800, with Garat, as tenor, in an adaptation by Steibelt. Pleyel published a piano version in 1801. Chateaubriand’s comment suggests that he mistook Beethoven for the composer of the oratorio, or was perhaps thinking of the Eroica symphony.

 

Haymés, Monsieur

An aide de camp to the Duc d’Orléans.

BkXXXII:Chap13:Sec1 At Neuilly on the 30th of July 1830.

 

Hazaël

An officer of Ben-hadad II, king of Syria, who ultimately came to the throne, according to the word of the Lord to Elijah (1 Kings 19:15), after he had put the king to death (2 Kings 8:15)

BkXX:Chap4:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Hearne, Samuel

1745-1792. An English explorer, who in 1768 examined portions of the Hudson Bay coasts with a view to improving the cod fishery, and in 1769-1772 he was employed in north-western discovery, searching for copper mines described by the Indians. On his third attempt (December 1770 to June 1772) he was successful, not only discovering the copper of the Copper Mine River basin, but tracing this river to the Arctic Ocean. He reappeared at Fort Prince of Wales on 30 June 1772. Becoming governor of this fort in 1775 he was taken prisoner by the French under La Pérouse in 1782. He returned to England in 1787.

BkIV:Chap13:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkVII:Chap1:Sec1 His discovery of the Copper Mine River.

 

Hebe

The Goddess of Youth, and cup-bearer to the gods. She had the power of restoring youth and beauty.

BkIII:Chap8:Sec1 BkXXXVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkXXIX:Chap6:Sec1 Canova’s statue of her 1796-1817

 

Heber, Reginald

1783-1836. Bishop of Calcutta (1822), and poet. His fame rests mainly on his fine hymns. A Journey Through India was published posthumously in 1838.

BkXVIII:Chap3Sec3 Mentioned.

 

Hecla

Hecla or Hekla, the loftiest of 20 active volcanoes in Iceland (5102 ft.); is an isolated peak with five craters, 68 miles east of Reykjavik; its most violent outbreak in recent times continued from 1845 to 1846; its last eruption was in March 1878.

BkXXXVIII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Hector

Prince of Troy, in Homer’s Iliad, he was a Trojan hero, the eldest son of Priam and Hecuba.

BkIII:Chap1:Sec3 A picture of his death displayed at Combourg.

BkXIII:Chap7:Sec1 A scene on a Greek vase, of his body being dragged behind Achilles’ chariot.

BkXXIV:Chap8:Sec1 His lasting fame embodied in his deeds. The reference is to the Palatine Anthology VII:137.

 

Hector, Charles-Jean, Comte d’

1722-1808. Distinguished in numerous naval actions. Commander of the port of Brest in 1783, he was charged with a general inspection of the French ports, by Louis XVI. He was made a Vice-Admiral in 1792. Joined the émigré Princes at Coblenz, and helped to forward the Quiberon landing. Died in England.

BkII:Chap8:Sec1 BkII:Chap8:Sec3 Chateaubriand introduced to him in 1783.

 

Heidelberg

A city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, it is halfway between Stuttgart and Frankfurt. The name Heidelberg is an adaptation of Heidelbeerenberg (Blueberry Mountain). Heidelberg lies on the Neckar at the point where the river leaves its narrow, steep valley in the Odenwald to flow into the Rhine valley where, 20 kilometres northwest of Heidelberg, it joins the Rhine at Mannheim.

BkXXXVIII:Chap8:Sec1 Chateaubriand there in June 1833. The Heidelberg Tun is an extremely large wine vat in the cellars of Heidelberg Castle. The present one with a capacity of approximately 220,000 litres was made in 1751.

 

Helder, Den

A port, in the north-western Netherlands, at the northern end of the North Holland Canal, it lies opposite Texel Island on the Marsdiep, a channel linking the North Sea and Waddenzee. In 1794 a French cavalry troop captured a Dutch fleet icebound in the Marsdiep, and in 1799 Den Helder was the site of the Russo-British troop landing that began the unsuccessful campaign to overthrow the Batavian Republic.

BkXX:Chap1:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Helen

Helen of Troy, is the Greek wife of Menelaus, and lover of Paris, Prince of Troy in Homer’s Iliad.

BkVIII:Chap5:Sec1 Greece, her homeland.

BkXXXIX:Chap16:Sec1 A bust by Canova representing her.

 

Helena, Saint

c250-c330. The mother of the Emperor Constantine, she was revered as a saint. Her feast day was later moved to the 18th August causing some confusion.

BkXXIV:Chap9:Sec1 Gave her name to the island of St Helena.

 

Helen of Wurtemberg, Frédèrique-Marie-Charlotte, Grand-Duchess Elena Paulovna of Russia

1807-1873. Wife (1824) of Grand Duke Michael Paulovitch (the younger brother of Tsars Alexander I and Nicholas I), she took the name Elena Paulovna.

BkXXVI:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned.

BkXXX:Chap6:Sec1 Chateaubriand welcomes her in April 1829.

BkXXX:Chap7:Sec1 BkXXXIV:Chap7:Sec1 Chateaubriand gave a reception for her in Rome on Tuesday the 28th of April 1829.

BkXXXVI:Chap6:Sec1 Cousin of the King of Württemberg.

 

Heliodorus of Emesa

A Greek writer known for the ancient Greek romance called the Aethiopica (the Ethiopian Story) or sometimes ‘Theagenes and Chariclea’. According to the ecclesiastical historian Socrates Scholasticus (Hist. eccles. V. 22), the author of the Aethiopica was a certain Heliodorus, bishop of Tricca in Thessaly. But it is now thought that the real author was a sophist of the 3rd century AD.

BkXL:Chap5:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Heliogabulus (Elegabalus)

c203-222. A Roman emperor of the Severan dynasty who reigned from 218 to 222, during his reign, he showed a disregard for Roman religious traditions and sexual taboos. He was one of the most reviled Roman emperors to early Christian historians and later became a hero to the Decadent movement of the late 19th century.

BkXLII:Chap15:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Heliopolis, Egypt

Kléber defeated the Turks at the Battle of Heliopolis near Cairo on March 20th 1800.

BkXX:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Hell, François

d.1794 An anti-semitic pamphleteer from Alsace.

BkX:Chap8:Sec2 His name appears on the death warrant exhibited, and he was executed with Chateaubriand’s brother.

 

Hellespont

The straits that link the Propontis with the Aegean Sea, and form the entrance to the passage to the Black Sea from the Mediterranean. Named after the  mythological Helle, and close to the site of Troy.

BkI:Chap3:Sec4 The site of Achilles’ grave.

 

Hello, Charles-Guillaume

1787-1850. Public Prosecutor at Rennes from September 1830, he had published in 1827 an Essay on the Constitutional Regime. He showed real bitterness in his pursuit of Berryer and his supposed accomplices.

BkXXXV:Chap6:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Héloïse

1101-1164. The illicit lover of Abelard she was possibly the author of the Letters attributed to them both, and a proponent of the power of secular love.

BkIII:Chap14:Sec2 BkIV:Chap8:Sec2 BkIV:Chap13:Sec1

BkXVII:Chap5:Sec1 Chateaubriand quotes from her first letter to Abelard.

BkXXII:Chap11:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Helvétius, Claude-Adrien

1715-1771. A French philosopher, one of the Encyclopedists, he held the post of farmer-general (i.e., tax collector). In 1751 he retired to the country, devoting himself to writing and philanthropic enterprises. His book De l'esprit (1758, tr. Essays on the Mind, 1807) was condemned by the Pope and by the Parlement of Paris. Agreeing with Locke’s doctrine that the minds of men are originally blank tablets, Helvétius maintained that all men are born with equal ability and that distinctions develop from the totality of educational influences. Like Condillac he maintained that all forms of intellectual activity have their beginning in sensation. In ethics a utilitarian, he judged the good in terms of self-satisfaction and regarded self-interest as the sole motive for action. Both Jeremy Bentham and James Mill acknowledged his influence. De l'homme, was posthumously published (1772) and translated as A Treatise on Man: His Intellectual Faculties and His Education (1777).

BkXIII:Chap10:Sec1 A major European name.

 

Hénin, Laure-Auguste de Fitzjames, Madame d’

1744-1814. Lady-in-waiting to Marie-Antoinette.

BkV:Chap14:Sec1 Her fashionable soirees.

BkXVII:Chap1:Sec1 Her relationship with Lally-Tollendal.

 

Hénin, for Hennin, Pierre-Michel

1728-1807. A clerk in the Foreign Ministry from 1749-1792. His dismissal during the Revolution ruined him. He consoled himself by writing.

BkXVII:Chap2:Sec1 Mentioned.

 

Henri II, King of France

1519-1559. King of France 1547-1559, he was the husband of Catherine de Medici from 1533. He was a systematic persecutor of the Huguenots, a persecution which led to the Wars of Religion.

BkXIX:Chap5:Sec2 Mentioned.

BkXXIII:Chap20:Sec1 Signed the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis in 1559. It was after the tournament following this, in which he was injured, that he died.

 

Henri III, King of France

1551-1589. King of France 1574-1589, during the Wars of Religion, he was elected King of Poland in 1573, he abandoned that country on succeeding to the French throne. In France he was caught between the Catholic and Huguenot parties. After fleeing Paris in 1588 following an uprising he allied himself with the Huguenot Henry of Navarre. He was assassinated by a Dominican priest Jacques Clément while besieging Paris on 1st August 1589.

BkXX:Chap3:Sec1 Assassinated on August 1st 1589 at Saint-Cloud while preparing to advance on Paris.

BkXXIV:Chap2:Sec1 He found a refuge at Rambouillet during the Wars of Religion.

BkXXVII:Chap3:Sec1 The origin of the dandy in his reign.

BkXXVIII:Chap11:Sec1 His Protestant leanings.

BkXXX:Chap2:Sec2 The politeness shown at his Court.

BkXXXI:Chap6:Sec1 BkXL:Chap2:Sec1 King of Poland in 1573.

BkXXXII:Chap14:Sec1 A Valois.

BkXXXV:Chap20:Sec1 His mignons, or favourites. The term is used in a sexually derogatory sense.